The act of architectural design is an application of method. Yet, method in architecture, as in all design fields, is considered to be indescribable, unexplainable, personal and intuitive. However, this is not entirely true. Revealing Architectural Design introduces the reader to architecture from the point of view of domains and syntax, techniques of creative and analytic thinking, and issues of relevance. Using clear, straightforward language, the book is an advanced primer connecting thinking and decision-making to constant, underlying frameworks that create the architectural design process. The book provides clear examples of real design outcomes and illustrates the thinking processes and techniques that occurred to allow them to happen. These thinking processes are tied into three persistent conceptual frameworks engaging architecture through the application of patterns, the negotiation of forces, or the alignment to a concept. Each of the frameworks has different priorities, applies various conceptual tools and, yet, shares ways of thinking. The book reveals how knowledge in creativity studies, heuristics, cognitive science, intellectual history, philosophy and architectural theory is connected to contemporary architectural design practice strategies. It presents architecture as a discipline defined by boundaries, discourse and syntax that introduces concerns for designers such as internal versus external syntax, framing bias, thinking styles, first principles reduction, and techniques of knowledge transfer. Awareness of conceptual frameworks affords designers greater flexibility in the application of method and a clearer approach to their work – making it visible, defensible, and open for development. The book is useful to anyone interested in increasing the quality of their architectural design proposals through understanding the conceptual tools used to achieve that process. For the non-architect, this book opens a window into the priorities of a discipline seldom presented with such transparency. This book is meant as a companion for architectural studios and practices. The purpose is not to explain what should be done by an architect involved in design, but to reveal the how and why of architectural design. Architectural design is presented as a process of design thinking. The discussion includes the nature of architecture as a discipline, the use of philosophy and theory, the manner in which framing and bias operate in design, and, finally, the application of thinking styles to decision-making. These topics are connected to constant, underlying thinking frameworks that are used by architectural designers to create more specific applied methods. The frameworks are grounded within historical development and illustrated through contemporary works of architecture. FULL TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE EXCEPT THROUGH COMMERCIAL SOURCES DUE TO CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENTS.

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... Design is an activity to generate and beautify the environment. Along with the critical remark, previous researcher was instrumental in questioning many of the postulates and being a great aid in the argument against considering architectural design as a problem-solving mentality [4]. The architecture product involved a user. ...

... Aesthetic experience can be conceived in three levels: sensory perception, cognition, and meaning [6]. Perception is admittedly a very compound process that involves the assembly of information through our senses, processing it, which insinuates analyzing the received information and comparing it against previously gathered knowledge, based on past experiences, and formulating particular responses [4]. Unlike perception, preference refers to the relative attractiveness of an object, while choice refers to actual behavior. ...

... In the science of experimental psychology, perception can typify how stimuli act upon receptors, while in social psychologists, it signifies the ability to identify objects within the social environment, also includes the image which the individual forms upon various events, people, objects linked to previous experiences. The field of geography defines perception in a much broader sense, including the whole range of percepts, memories, attitudes, preferences, thus comprising the entire information we pose related to an environment, in fact, aspects that can be gathered under the term of environmental cognition [4]. The environment has a system of interacting with its inhabitants, called an encoding-decoding system, through which the meaning is embedded into the environment. ...

... Design, in architecture, refers to a highly dynamic and creative process to manage available resources, resolve difficulties, and eventually establish a space and built environment [4][5]. According to the RIBA, the architectural design process typically comprises four stages: preparation and briefing, concept design, spatial coordination, and technical design [16]. ...

... During these four stages, numerous design criteria have to be considered, such as users' requirements, site conditions, functionality, feasibility, surroundings, culture, climate, laws and regulations, structural firmness, and aesthetics [5]. Presently, design is also prospected to deliberate an increasing number of factors from the downstream processes, since it shapes the entire life cycle from material processing to construction activities, building usage, and renovation and demolition method [4]. ...

To hold a prodigious opportunity of architectural design and prevent challenges in downstream processes, many concepts under the umbrella of Design for Excellence (DfX) have been emerged, e.g., Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) and Design for Construction Waste Minimization (DfCWM). In reality, numerous DfX concepts must be scrutinized and included in one design, but currently, they are proposed in various resources without any integrated strategy. There is also a lack of discussions on the DfX concept in the construction industry context and its impacts on the existing design process. This research, therefore, aims to preliminarily review the concept and generate the actionable DfX model. By literature review, coding analysis, and aligning with the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Plan of Works, the multi-stakeholder model for DfX with 20 guidelines and detailed explanations is created. The arrival of DfX changes stakeholders' relationships and design methodologies to be more coordinated. The proposed model further explains that the proactive strategy of DfX encourages 1) interdisciplinary knowledge sharing and management from the beginning, 2) adopting design standardization, simplification, modularization, and other techniques, 3) multi-stakeholder design decision making and design optimization, 4) careful material specifications, detail design, and documentation. Future research is recommended to fine-tune the proposed model, innovate assistive tools, and study the execution of DfX in real-world settings.

... Architectural design is generally a highly creative and dynamic process to manage available resources, resolve difficulties in the built environment, and finally establish the environmental conditions for activities [26]. This process can be regarded as a Multi-Criteria 85 Decision Making (MCDM), since it copes with various factors in the complex social realms, such as users' requirements, site conditions, laws and regulations, functionality, feasibility, technologies, and aesthetics [27][28][29]. Recently, it is demanded to mitigate more difficulties in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, including manufacturing and assembly processes [30], sustainable building life cycle [31], and construction waste 90 minimization [32]. ...

A view is among the critical criteria in an architectural design process. Presently, it is assessed by conventional site observation, labour-intensive data collection, and manual data analysis before designing a building mass, plan, façade, openings, and interior space. City Information Model (CIM), with its capabilities to store, visualize, and analyze a wealth of site-related information, has a great potential to support an automated view assessment. However, its realization is nascent, and it has not integrated with architectural space planning in either research or practice. This research, therefore, aims to develop a model through which CIM can be extended to assist view assessment in architectural space planning. By literature review, brainstorming, prototyping, and case study, this research corroborates that by harnessing the power of CIM, the conventional view evaluation can be transformed from qualitative to mix-used. It helps practitioners assess a view and design a space in a more precise and rapid manner. This research also provides the integrated model for view evaluation in architectural space planning with three stages to support the real-world practice. Future studies are recommended to develop the proposed model and integrate it with multiple criteria to advance the generative design. [This research is awarded with a plenary talk at the 38th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2021).]

... The design process in an intuitive way is done by developing intuition, instinct, and romanticism. Design intuitively is tacit knowledge [10], which is the knowledge that is difficult to document and transfer because it involves subjective experience and intuitive thinking. Ideas can come up spontaneously from anywhere and anytime; the design concepts are difficult to explain. ...

Design as an activity involves certain ways and paths that must be traversed to achieve the goal. But along with the involvement of new architects in the realistic architectural world, whether it contributes to the introduction of new design approaches, influencing the direction taken to achieve design goals, the current architect in his work is the right research object to study it. The background of the knowledge makes the architect certainly form thought about their way or method of design. This research aims to find out the emerging architect's design methods in Bali in designing tourist accommodation. The benefits of the study can be used as teaching materials for students to build tourist accommodation and provide tourism actors with information about aspects that need to be considered in the design of tourist accommodation. This research's qualitative method, with in-depth interview technique and design document study with research variables, then analyzed through theories based on predetermined variables. The results of data analysis are described qualitatively to get a conclusion. The results showed two design processes (intuitive way and rational way) passed by architects in designing tourist accommodation. The design factors that are the main generator of problems in designing and design solutions are also developed differently, depending on the context and type of tourist accommodation.

... Tasarım yöntemleri, sonuç üretme potansiyeline sahip, öğretilebilen, öğrenilebilen ve uygulanabilen, sistematik olarak gerçekleşen ve mimari tasarım sürecinde belirli sonuçlar doğurduğu kabul edilen etkinlik modelleridir (Plowright, 2014). Bu modellerin geliştirilmesi insanlığın gelişimiyle paralel olarak gerçekleşmiş ve gelişimin gerçekleştiği benzer özellik gösteren durumlar, farklı kronolojik birimlere veya kültürel yaklaşımlara göre tanımlanmıştır. ...

  • Nur kızılyaprak Nur kızılyaprak

PROPOSAL FOR AN APPROACH AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE EDUCATION OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE (CTA): TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE GRAMMAR OF DETAIL (TGGD)

... The design process is highly dynamic and deals with a wide range of factors, e.g., resources, society, politics, economics, and technology, to resolve challenges in the built environment (Broadbent, 1973;Makstutis, 2018). It consists of multiple investigations, assessments, and decision-making to create architecture and quality space for human beings (Jones, 2010;Plowright, 2014). CWM, meanwhile, is the prevention or reduction of construction waste through new knowledge and changing professional practice (Osmani et al., 2005). ...

Design for Construction Waste Minimization (DfCWM) advocates the proactive minimization of potential construction waste from the design or earlier stage. Numerous DfCWM practices have been recommended, but they are hitherto in a piecemeal fashion without an integrative guideline to enable designers to consider DfCWM in a systematic manner. Their practice examples and application results have also been rarely investigated. This study aims to amalgamate DfCWM recommendations, develop practicable guidelines, and implement in real-world settings. It adopts a design thinking method to develop the guidelines from literature, brainstorming, action research, case study, and most importantly, dynamic iteration thereof. The results affirm the impact of DfCWM on not only preventing construction waste generation effectively but reducing the construction cost without jeopardizing the design. However, its implementation is not merely a simple linear process and requires coordination from all stakeholders. For practitioners, this research also provides the DfCWM guidelines to be a design companion, encouraging deliberation of an entire building and material life cycle with special consideration given to waste minimization. Further studies are suggested for two areas: (a) modelling DfCWM into a multi-criteria optimization problem, and (b) integrating it with other design for excellence considerations.

  • Felicia Hansen
  • Suryono Herlambang

Hospitals that can treat pediatric cancer are usually located in big cities, for example Jakarta. For children with cancer who come from outside the region and their families are unable to pay for hospitalization, they are forced to travel back and forth which takes a lot of time and transportation fees. Apart from medical care, the children with cancer also need palliative care, which is an integrated care system approach to improve the quality of life for patients and their families when facing life-threatening terminal illnesses by providing spiritual and psychosocial support from the time the diagnosis is made to the end of life for cancer patients. The solution is to design a childhood cancer lodging that has palliative therapy facilities with child-friendly and appropriate design references, and is located close to a referral hospital for pediatric cancer. The design of the lodging aims to make a shelter that is not only served as "the second home" for children with cancer, but also as a place for recreation, relaxation, and education. The formation and arrangement of architectural spaces of the lodging refers to the connection between human activities and their environment. The design concept of the site is Urban Oasis. The building seems to be in the middle of a forest with a small river that surrounds it. Here, apart from getting spiritual and psychosocial support, children can also take up their hobbies in the arts and music, relieve stress after undergoing medical treatment through interactions with animals and nature, as well as play and learn together. Keywords: childhood cancer lodging; everydayness architecture; future dwelling; healing environment; palliative care AbstrakRumah sakit yang dapat menangani anak penderita kanker umumnya berada di kota besar, contohnya Jakarta. Bagi anak-anak penderita kanker yang berasal dari luar daerah dan keluarganya tidak mampu membiayai rawat inap di rumah sakit, mereka terpaksa melakukan perjalanan pulang pergi yang memakan banyak waktu dan biaya transportasi. Selain perawatan medis, para penderita kanker juga membutuhkan perawatan paliatif; yang merupakan pendekatan sistem perawatan terpadu untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien dan keluarga mereka ketika menghadapi penyakit terminal yang membahayakan jiwa, dengan memberikan dukungan spiritual dan psikososial; mulai saat diagnosis ditegakkan sampai pada akhir hidup pasien kanker. Solusi dari isu tersebut adalah merancang rumah singgah kanker anak yang memiliki fasilitas terapi paliatif dengan acuan desain yang ramah anak dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak-anak penderita kanker, serta letaknya dekat dengan rumah sakit rujukan untuk kanker anak. Perancangan rumah singgah kanker anak dengan terapi paliatif ini bertujuan untuk merancang rumah singgah yang tidak hanya sebagai tempat tinggal alternatif bagi anak-anak penderita kanker, namun juga sebagai tempat rekreasi, relaksasi, dan edukasi. Pembentukan dan pengaturan ruang arsitektural dari rumah singgah mengacu pada keterkaitan antara aktivitas manusia dan lingkungannya. Konsep desain dari perancangan tapak yaitu Urban Oasis. Bangunan seakan-akan berada di tengah-tengah hutan yang rindang dengan sungai kecil yang mengelilinginya. Di sini, selain mendapatkan dukungan spiritual dan psikososial, anak-anak juga dapat menyalurkan hobi mereka dalam bidang seni dan musik, melepas stress setelah menjalani perawatan medis melalui interaksi dengan hewan dan alam, juga bermain dan belajar bersama.

Este artigo apresenta a metodologia e estudos iniciais da pesquisa de mestrado em andamento que tem como problema de pesquisa o estudo do percurso e circulação no projeto de arquitetura de museus contemporâneos, concebidos para áreas urbanas consolidadas, tornando-se museus verticais. Para tanto foi selecionado como objeto desta pesquisa três museus concebidos e construídos no século XXI em grandes cidades: New Museum (NY, 2007), Museu da Imagem e do Som (MIS RJ, 2009) e Instituto Moreira Salles (IMS SP, 2011). O pressuposto da pesquisa envolve a análise e verificação do sistema de circulação e percurso como essência e estruturadora do partido arquitetônico no caso de museus verticalizados. A pesquisa explora o uso do corte vertical e corte perspectivado como instrumento importante na análise dos projetos selecionados. O objetivo da pesquisa é de analisar os projetos selecionados a fim de se identificar as estratégias projetuais referentes principalmente à circulação e percurso.

The realization of Modular Construction (MC) is impeded by several barriers, e.g., initial investment, logistics constraints, and negative perception. Design, a profoundly creative process to alleviate difficulties in the built environment, is prospected to enhance this construction method. Under this circumstance, many guidelines, recommendations, and avoidances have been proposed to design. However, every coin has two sides. This research, therefore, argues that MC also provides new design opportunities, which have not been yet extensively investigated. It does so by comprehensive literature review and detailed archival study of successful case studies. The result unveils that although MC, by nature, may impose several design limitations, e.g., design simplification, standardization, and limited dimension, it can also serve demands and construct an outstanding architectural design by, for example, a composition of three-dimensional unit, mass customization, and product prototype. This research creates a balanced view of MC in a design process, and highlights the new approach for further design and research development in this discipline. [Outstanding Paper Award]

  • Aylin Orbaşlı
  • Marcel Vellinga

Architectural regeneration spans the theories of heritage conservation, design, place, regeneration, and the anthropology of architecture and recognises that architecture is a process of continuous transformations as well as a transformative tool affecting those who interact with it. The reuse and regeneration of the existing built environment is simultaneously shaped by architectural, spatial, environmental, economic, and social contexts, while itself being part of a continuous cultural process. The tangible and intangible adaptive capacity of a building or place informs its capacity to change and be altered, whilst maintaining architectural and social value and meanings through the physical processes of addition and subtraction. Architectural regeneration is inter‐scalar and takes place and produces impacts at different scales from the interior of buildings to entire city regions. The success of architectural regeneration is driven by innovation and creative approaches to design, function, and finance.

Effective teamwork is becoming increasingly important to organizational success. Advances in network and communication technology have allowed companies to widen their potential team member base, however we still need to better understand how to structure top-performing teams. This paper proposes forming teams based on their cognitive style, rather than personality, within a process framework. An experiment was conducted to investigate the innovative performance of problem solving groups with three different blends of cognitive styles. As predicted, groups with a heterogeneous blend of styles outperformed groups with completely or partially homogeneous blends. On the other hand, team members' satisfaction scores were lower for heterogeneous teams than either the completely or partially homogeneous teams. There was preliminary evidence that among groups with heterogeneous blends, those with smaller style dispersions might be expected to outperform those with larger style dispersions. There was also room for some speculation that a curvilinear relationship might exist for team members' satisfaction as a function of diversity in team member cognitive style. Implications of these finding are discussed.

Intuitive interaction with technology is based on the unconscious application of prior know- ledge by the user. Using conceptual metaphor theory and a continuum model of prior know- ledge a quantitative review of 77 research articles on user interface metaphors was conduc- ted. Of the 105 metaphors extracted, only 26 were found to draw on sensorimotor knowledge proposed to be the preferred knowledge level for designing intuitive interaction. Using Johnson's (1987) theory on image schemas and their metaphorical extensions it is shown how user interface design might benefit from tapping sensorimotor knowledge. An experimental approach to test the validity of the image schema and conceptual metaphor theories in user interface design is presented with an investigation of the UP-DOWN image schema. When interacting with vertical button arrangements that are compatible with conceptual metaphor users are faster than with incompatible button arrangements. Compatible button arrange- ments are also judged to be more suitable than incompatible ones. Die Grundlage intuitiver Benutzung besteht in der unbewussten Anwendung von Vorwis- sen durch den Benutzer. Anhand eines Vorwissensmodells und der konzeptuellen Metapherntheorie als Basis wurde eine quantitative Durchsicht von 77 Forschungsartikeln zu User Interface Metaphern durchgeführt. Von den extrahierten 105 Metaphern konnten nur 26 in die, für die Gestaltung intuitiver Benutzung favorisierten, Ebene des sensomo- torischen Wissens klassifiziert werden. Mit Hilfe der Theorie der Image Schemata und ihren metaphorischen Erweiterungen von Johnson (1987) wird gezeigt, welche Vorteile der Einsatz sensomotorischen Wissens für die Gestaltung von Benutzungsschnittstellen birgt. Eine experimentalpsychologische Methode wird vorgestellt, mit dem die Gültigkeit der Image Schema Theorie für die Gestaltung von Benutzungsschnittstellen anhand des up-down Schemas überprüft wird. Bei der Interaktion mit vertikal angeordneten Tasten, deren Beschriftungen kompatibel mit konzeptuellen Metaphern sind, sind die Benutzer nicht nur schneller als mit inkompatiblen Beschriftungen - die kompatiblen Beschriftungen werden auch als besser geeignet für die Dateneingabe eingeschätzt.

  • Gabriela Goldschmidt Gabriela Goldschmidt

Who does better in design, loners or teams? Different traditions, different tastes and different beliefs are in disagreement on this question. Theories that deal with this subject, to the extent that they exist, are based mostly on ad hoc observations. In this study the productivity of the design processes of an individual and a team, who reach equally satisfactory results working on the same preliminary design task, are compared. A quantitative assessment system of parameters of design productivity is introduced and applied to protocols of the two processes. Detailed analysis leads to the conclusion that there are almost no differences between the individual and the team in the way they bring their work to fruition.

This paper discusses the nature of the metaphorical transfer from the source domain to the target domain. More specifically, it explores the question as to how the mapping links between features of the source and the target are created. It is argued that, for many metaphors, it is incorrect to assume that all the elements of the source domain map to elements of the target domain, and that a much more economical set of mappings should be used instead.Este trabalho discute a natureza da transferência metafórica entre domínio fonte e domínio alvo. Argumenta-se que, para grande parte das metáforas, não seria correto afirmar que todos os elementos do domínio alvo sejam mapeados para os elementos do domínio fonte, e que um conjunto bem mais econômico de mapeamentos é utilizado.

  • Mark Kelman

Researchers associated with the "Heuristics and Biases" (H&B) school and those who view heuristics as "Fast and Frugal" (F&F) problem-solving methods share much in common. They agree that people frequently and quite reasonably use heuristics, making factual judgments or reaching decisions about what actions best serve their ends without making use of all potentially relevant information or computational abilities. This book focuses, though, on the distinctions between the two schools. Echoing the conventional rational choice model, H&B researchers suggest that people make decisions by assessing the probability that certain outcomes will follow a particular action and by evaluating each of these possible outcomes. Unlike rational choice theorists, these researchers emphasize that people, facing a range of cognitive limitations, will not always make accurate judgments even if they have perfect information and explain, as well, why evaluations are sensitive to the ways in which preferences are elicited. F&F scholars claim instead that the key source of the use of heuristics is not our computational incapacity but our evolved capacity to make use of appropriate environmentally available cues. People's judgments are typically ecologically, if not logically, rational in the sense that our judgments meet our actual goals, if not the demands of classical rational choice theory. Moreover, while rational choice theorists extol judgment and decision making processes in which decision makers weigh multiple cues and factors, and H&B theorists believe our incapacity to perform such multifactor balancing poses problems, F&F theorists believe, descriptively, that we typically use lexical decision making processes and, normatively, that doing so typically leads us to make better judgments. These disputes have bite. Policymakers will have very different ideas about what we must do to induce greater law compliance or insure that consumers can make decisions in their interests, and they will evaluate the propriety of cost-benefit analysis or the virtues of a rule-bound legal system differently depending on how they resolve these very basic questions about the flaws, virtues, and nature of heuristic reasoning.

  • Ritu Bhatt

While Christopher Alexander's pattern language has been widely accepted by building contractors and do-it-yourself homeowners, academics have often rejected it for being deterministic and authoritarian. This paper argues for a balanced re-evaluation of Alexander's work, arguing that its importance lies in its recognition that life patterns allow for unconscious cognitive relationships with space that can be discerned and actively improved. When reading A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction (1977) and The Timeless Way of Building (1979), it becomes apparent that Alexander's aim is not just to produce diagrammatic patterns, but to provide a broad critique of the alienated modern condition. Alexander calls for a shift in knowledge that would allow for an holistic attitude wherein buildings could be experienced without conscious attention. Herein, I argue, Alexander's philosophical concerns can be more fully understood in the context of recently growing interests in philosophy, the cognitive sciences and emerging somatic practices that argue for an integration of mind and body. Furthermore, I propose that Alexander's insights about how and when physical settings become cognitive can provide some insights for dissolving the limits of both empiricism and relativism.